Object of custom type as dictionary key

What must I do to use my objects of a custom type as keys in a Python dictionary (where I don’t want the “object id” to act as the key) , e.g.

class MyThing:
    def __init__(self,name,location,length):
            self.name = name
            self.location = location
            self.length = length

I’d want to use MyThing’s as keys that are considered the same if name and location are the same.
From C#/Java I’m used to having to override and provide an equals and hashcode method, and promise not to mutate anything the hashcode depends on.

What must I do in Python to accomplish this ? Should I even ?

(In a simple case, like here, perhaps it’d be better to just place a (name,location) tuple as key – but consider I’d want the key to be an object)

Answers:

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Method 1

You need to add 2 methods, note __hash__ and __eq__:

class MyThing:
    def __init__(self,name,location,length):
        self.name = name
        self.location = location
        self.length = length

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash((self.name, self.location))

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return (self.name, self.location) == (other.name, other.location)

    def __ne__(self, other):
        # Not strictly necessary, but to avoid having both x==y and x!=y
        # True at the same time
        return not(self == other)

The Python dict documentation defines these requirements on key objects, i.e. they must be hashable.

Method 2

An alternative in Python 2.6 or above is to use collections.namedtuple() — it saves you writing any special methods:

from collections import namedtuple
MyThingBase = namedtuple("MyThingBase", ["name", "location"])
class MyThing(MyThingBase):
    def __new__(cls, name, location, length):
        obj = MyThingBase.__new__(cls, name, location)
        obj.length = length
        return obj

a = MyThing("a", "here", 10)
b = MyThing("a", "here", 20)
c = MyThing("c", "there", 10)
a == b
# True
hash(a) == hash(b)
# True
a == c
# False

Method 3

You override __hash__ if you want special hash-semantics, and __cmp__ or __eq__ in order to make your class usable as a key. Objects who compare equal need to have the same hash value.

Python expects __hash__ to return an integer, returning Banana() is not recommended 🙂

User defined classes have __hash__ by default that calls id(self), as you noted.

There is some extra tips from the documentation.:

Classes which inherit a __hash__()
method from a parent class but change
the meaning of __cmp__() or __eq__()
such that the hash value returned is
no longer appropriate (e.g. by
switching to a value-based concept of
equality instead of the default
identity based equality) can
explicitly flag themselves as being
unhashable by setting __hash__ = None
in the class definition. Doing so
means that not only will instances of
the class raise an appropriate
TypeError when a program attempts to
retrieve their hash value, but they
will also be correctly identified as
unhashable when checking
isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable)
(unlike classes which define their own
__hash__() to explicitly raise TypeError).

Method 4

I noticed in python 3.8.8 (maybe ever earlier) you don’t need anymore explicitly declare __eq__() and __hash__() to have to opportunity to use your own class as a key in dict.

class Apple:
    def __init__(self, weight):
        self.weight = weight
        
    def __repr__(self):
        return f'Apple({self.weight})'

apple_a = Apple(1)
apple_b = Apple(1)
apple_c = Apple(2)

apple_dictionary = {apple_a : 3, apple_b : 4, apple_c : 5}

print(apple_dictionary[apple_a])  # 3
print(apple_dictionary)  # {Apple(1): 3, Apple(1): 4, Apple(2): 5}

I assume from some time Python manages it on its own, however I can be wrong.

Method 5

The answer for today as I know other people may end up here like me, is to use dataclasses in python >3.7. It has both hash and eq functions.

All methods was sourced from stackoverflow.com or stackexchange.com, is licensed under cc by-sa 2.5, cc by-sa 3.0 and cc by-sa 4.0