How are files under /etc/cron.d used?

How are files under /etc/cron.d used?

From https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-add-jobs-to-cron-under-linux-or-unix-oses/

cron reads the files in /etc/cron.d/ directory. Usually system daemon
such as sa-update or sysstat places their cronjob here. As a root user
or superuser you can use following directories to configure cron jobs.
You can directly drop your scripts here. The run-parts command run
scripts or programs in a directory via /etc/crontab file:

/etc/cron.d/ Put all scripts here and call them from /etc/crontab
file.

On Lubuntu 18.04, the files under /etc/cron.d seem to be crontab files not shell scripts (which was mentioned in the above link):

$ cat /etc/cron.d/anacron 
# /etc/cron.d/anacron: crontab entries for the anacron package

SHELL=/bin/sh
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

30 7    * * *   root    [ -x /etc/init.d/anacron ] && if [ ! -d /run/systemd/system ]; then /usr/sbin/invoke-rc.d anacron start >/dev/null; fi

My /etc/crontab file never refers to files under/etc/cron.d, contrary to what the link says:

$ cat /etc/crontab 
# /etc/crontab: system-wide crontab
# Unlike any other crontab you don't have to run the `crontab'
# command to install the new version when you edit this file
# and files in /etc/cron.d. These files also have username fields,
# that none of the other crontabs do.

SHELL=/bin/sh
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

# m h dom mon dow user  command
17 *    * * *   root    cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly
25 6    * * *   root    test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily )
47 6    * * 7   root    test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.weekly )
52 6    1 * *   root    test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.monthly )

Could you explain how the files under /etc/cron.d are used? Thanks.

Answers:

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Method 1

In Debian derivatives, including Lubuntu, the files in /etc/cron.d are effectively /etc/crontab snippets, with the same format. Quoting the cron manpage:

Additionally, in Debian, cron reads the files in the /etc/cron.d directory. cron treats the files in /etc/cron.d as in the same way as the /etc/crontab file (they follow the special format of that file, i.e. they include the user field). However, they are independent of /etc/crontab: they do not, for example, inherit environment variable settings from it. This change is specific to Debian see the note under DEBIAN SPECIFIC below.

Like /etc/crontab, the files in the /etc/cron.d directory are monitored for changes. In general, the system administrator should not use /etc/cron.d/, but use the standard system crontab /etc/crontab.

The Debian-specific section hints at the reason system administrators shouldn’t use /etc/cron.d:

Support for /etc/cron.d (drop-in dir for package crontabs)

It’s designed to allow packages to install crontab snippets without having to modify /etc/crontab.

All methods was sourced from stackoverflow.com or stackexchange.com, is licensed under cc by-sa 2.5, cc by-sa 3.0 and cc by-sa 4.0