Why is the ‘sudo’ password different than the ‘su root’ password

On my personal machine, I often type sudo in front of certain commands in order to accomplish administrative tasks. I had hoped to avoid doing this throughout the day, by typing su root and providing the same password I usually do for sudo. However, the two passwords are not the same(I don’t know how to log in to su root). Is running a command with sudo different than logging in with su root and running the same command?

Simplest way to password protect a directory and its contents without having to create new files?

I would like to password protect or encrypt a directory and all the files within it (for the whole directory tree below it). I do not want to bother the whole home directory, I want a specific directory with some files and folders in it. I would like to be able to encrypt the directory or decrypt it using a password. Command line would be nicest to use. I don’t want to have to create a new file as an encrypted version and then, delete the previous ones which are the non-encrypted version.