Full file date (without GNU utilities)

I am trying to obtain the full date (created or modified) of a particular file for passing to another program. I have tried variations of options with the ls command but none provide a full date for files less than 6 months old and I have limit usage of the options. When I try certain options I have seen trying to research this I get the following message:

Number of lines outputted by ls

When ls is called, it outputs all the files/directories in the current directory, attempting to fit as many as possible on each line. Why is it that when passed to wc -l, it outputs the number of files? How does it decide how many lines to output its results in?